Fair Use Copyright Law for Artists

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Creators today may assert copyright ownership of their creations, but this does not necessarily limit the public’s legal access to or usage of their work. Fair Use copyright law is intended to protect usage of a copyrighted work for criticism, comment, new reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. In application and implication, Fair Use law has significant impact on creators, scholars, and journalists.

Fair Use law is different from some other areas of the law in that legality of an action depends on several factors. Harvard Law School Professor and copyright expert Charles Nesson wrote, “Fairness is a standard, not a rule….No simple definition of fair use can be fashioned, no bright line test exists.” The U.S. Copyright Office outlines four factors in determining whether or not usage of a copyrighted work is fair (legal):

“The purpose and character of the use….the nature of the copyrighted work….the amount and substantiality of the portion used…. and, the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.”

In order to clarify some of the inherent fuzziness in the law, practice communities (such as book publishers, movie producers, and the music industry) are empowered to create Statements of Fair Use. These Statements document common allowable usages, and outline (but do not define) the ways in which a member of the public may use copyrighted material without reasonable threat of legal repercussion.

On Friday May 8th, 2009, the Dance Heritage Coalition presented the results of their multi-year project to develop a new Statement of Fair Use for Dance-related Materials. The mission of the Dance Heritage Coalition is to improve the ability of the dance community to retain and utilize materials documenting the art form. According to Project Director Libby Smigel, through developing and publicizing the new Fair Use Statement, the Dance Heritage Coalition hopes to encourage increased access to and usage of Dance-related materials. Smigel asserted that one reason archival materials remain out of sight to the public and researchers is confusion over copyright, and fear of lawsuits. The press release for the event noted, “it hasn’t been clear how librarians, archivists, and curators can legally use.… images and texts.” The issues addressed in the new Dance-related Materials Statement are common to other art forms. Fair Use access issues apply to images, videos, notes, copies, and recordings of any type.

In an explanation of Fair Use issues on their website, the Copyright Alliance (a trade association dedicated to tracking copyright issues) explains, “An individual does not have the ‘right’ to make use of another’s copyright work…. [Fair Use may apply] when someone already has a copy of a copyrighted work and makes copies, distributes, performs, alters, or displays that work and the copyright owner subsequently challenges that use of the work as being an infringement. In that case, the person could raise a defense of fair use.” Fair Use law is not intended as a defense for people who are simply too lazy to seek copyright permission.

Nixon leaving the White HouseThe impact on the financial value of a copyrighted material is a central issue in settlement of Fair Use-defended law suits. Writing on his website the marketer-cum-journalist Brad Templeton reported, “Famously, copying just 300 words from Gerald Ford’s 200,000 word memoir for a magazine article was ruled as not fair use, in spite of it being very newsworthy, because it was the most important 300 words — why he pardoned Nixon.” Artists would be well-served to empower their own usage and the usage of others by considering how fair use law applies to their work.

The best way to be certain of the legality of one’s usage of a copyrighted material is to seek copyright permission. In the event that copyright permission is not secured, Statements of Fair Use articulated by practice communities provide guidelines for usage, and defense in case of prosecution. To receive a copy of the new Fair Use Statement in Dance-Related Materials produced by the Dance Heritage Coalition, or to learn more about the document, visit www.danceheritage.org.

-Robert Bettmann, Editor

Editor
Editorhttp://www.dayeight.org
Bourgeon’s mission, through our online publication and community initiatives, is twofold: to increase participation in the arts and to improve access to the arts. Bourgeon is a project of the not-for-profit Day Eight.
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4 COMMENTS

  1. This is very well presented. But I would have liked to hear examples of legal and illegal use of dance-related material.

  2. I’d love to write that piece for a dance-focused publication, and would be happy to have people comment with examples or conundrums they’ve faced. I think some examples of how these documents actually can serve as guides would be great. Fair Use is important for artists to understand as creators, and as sources for others.

  3. I’d like to present this article as an interpretive dance piece.

    If possible, I’d love my performance to feature Valerie Gladstone and Rob as my back-up dancers.

    I see myself wearing a white shimmering unitard bodysuit (covering me from head to toe, save my nostrils!).

    Why white? Good question. So the tech crew can use my body as a screen to present stuff, such as: photos of artworks involved in “fair use” disputes and then, occasionally splashing some words from the constitution across my lithe torso.

    Rob and Valerie will be dressed in muted background colors.

    The music will be: amazing, trippy, and, most importantly, totally prone, gapingly vulnerable, and utterly willing to accept to any and all interpretation (except for the marching sequence, because, let’s face it, that’s fairly straight-forward).

    Now for the best news. I believe that I can get this piece in front of the public in time for the spring 2010 interpretive dance season for as little as $350,000.

    Isn’t that great!?!?

    Remember, before we can open eyes of others, it is sometimes necessary to open the wallets of ourselves.

    So true.

    Those wishing to take the stand for Fair Use (by expressing your views financially) can reach me in my dance studio at [removed by admin]

    (Please do not send me wire transfers via Swiss banks. The whole swiss-secrecy/irs thing is an issue I’m looking to address in my 2011 performances. I wish to avoid the taint of undue influences having been straddled over the thrust of my artistic interpretation. )

    It is one thing to be used. Quite another to be fairly-used.

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